TB-500 vs. BPC-157 | A Comprehensive Comparison

TB-500 vs BPC-157

Research Based

ResearchPeptides.org follows the strictest sourcing guidelines in the health and nootropics industry. Our focus is to exclusively link to peer-reviewed studies found on respected websites, like PubMed. We focus on finding the most accurate information from the scientific source.

Our goal is to provide you with the most scientifically accurate, unbiased, and comprehensive information regarding all research peptides and SARMs.

All of our content is written by people with a strong science background, including medical researchers.

Our content is continually monitored by an internal peer-review process to ensure accuracy. We strive to never have a piece of inaccurate information on this website.

If you feel that any of our content is inaccurate or out-of-date, please contact us at: [email protected]

Dimitar Marinov, Ph.D.

Last Updated January 28, 2024

BPC-157, TB-500

Dimitar Marinov, Ph.D.

 January 28, 2024

Given the numerous breakthroughs in the world of peptide therapy, many researchers are now curious about the similarities and differences between TB-500 vs. BPC-157.

Both peptides are actively researched for their purported abilities to promote healing in various tissues and organs. Research applications for TB-500 and BPC-157 include:

  • Connective tissue repair
  • Muscle recovery
  • Wound closure
  • Gastrointestinal healing
  • Reduction of inflammation

In this guide, our expert team will outline the research applications and side effects of TB-500 and BPC-157, examining how both have been administered in past studies.

Plus, we will also share details about the most reputable vendors of research peptides including TB-500 and BPC-157.

Buy BPC-157 + TB-500 from our top-rated vendor...

Buy Now
peptides-logo

Disclaimer: Peptides.org contains information about products that are intended for laboratory and research use only, unless otherwise explicitly stated. This information, including any referenced scientific or clinical research, is made available for educational purposes only. Likewise, any published information relative to the dosing and administration of reference materials is made available strictly for reference and shall not be construed to encourage the self-administration or any human use of said reference materials. Peptides.org makes every effort to ensure that any information it shares complies with national and international standards for clinical trial information and is committed to the timely disclosure of the design and results of all interventional clinical studies for innovative treatments publicly available or that may be made available. However, research is not considered conclusive. Peptides.org makes no claims that any products referenced can cure, treat or prevent any conditions, including any conditions referenced on its website or in print materials.

What is BPC-157?

BPC-157, also known as Body Protection Compound-157, is a synthetic pentadecapeptide developed in the early 1990s. According to Sikiric et al. (1993), while BPC-157 derives from gastric proteins, it does not share homology with any known gastric peptides [1, 2].

Patented in 1998 (expired 2018), BPC-157 is also referred to as PL 14736, PL-10, or Bepecin in the scientific literature [3, 4, 5].

BPC-157 shows significant in vitro stability in gastric juice (over 24 hours) and moderate plasma stability (up to four hours), with detectability in urine for at least four days ex vivo [2, 4].

However, research on this pentadecapeptide is primarily animal-based and in vitro, with no published full-text clinical studies despite some authors mentioning a phase 1 trial on BPC-157 as an anti-ulcerative agent in IBD patients [6].

BPC-157 is not approved for therapeutic use by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or any comparable regulatory agency, and its use in sport is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) [7].

Based on the available preclinical research, the peptide appears to have several potential mechanisms of action:

  • It may interact with growth factors like VEGF and EGR-1, promoting angiogenesis and aiding in the recovery of various tissues [3, 8].
  • It activates fibroblasts and increases nitric oxide production to stimulate vascular and connective tissue regeneration [9, 10].
  • BPC-157 may potentiate migration and the spreading of tendon fibroblasts [11].
  • It may interact with alpha-adrenergic and dopaminergic systems, with benefits for the healing of gastrointestinal ailments [12].
  • It may upregulate serotonin signaling, offering possible neuroprotective benefits and improving mood and cognition [13].

TB-500 vs BPC-157

What is TB-500?

TB-500 is the synthetic form of an endogenous protein called thymosin beta-4 (TB4), which is found in almost all human cells [14].

Thymosin beta-4 was first isolated in 1981 from bovine thymus gland extract [15].

The peptide was initially manufactured for veterinary purposes in the early 2010s, but was subsequently banned for use in horse racing [16, 17]. Similarly to BPC-157, TB-500 is banned for use in sport by WADA [7].

While there are several published clinical trials on TB-500, the peptide is not approved by the FDA for human use but is generally available for research purposes.

It is currently researched for among the following applications [14, 18]:

  • Cell migration and tissue repair
  • Formation of new blood vessels
  • Maturation of stem cells
  • Survival of various cell types
  • Reducing inflammation

TB-500 has poor oral bioavailability; thus, research typically involves its use in an injectable formulation. Yet, a fragment of TB4 with the sequence of N-acetyl ser-asp-lys-pro (Ac-SDKP) is orally active and under investigation for its potential effects [19, 20, 21, 22].

The mechanisms of TB-500 are still being investigated, but known actions of TB4 include:

  • Binding as an actin-binding protein to inhibit the polymerization of globular actin (G-actin) into filamentous actin (F-actin), known as actin sequestration, which results in higher G-actin levels and increased cellular motility [23, 24]
  • TB4’s ability to increase cellular motility may help progenitor cells to reach sites of injury and initiate tissue recovery [25].
  • TB4 is found extracellularly in blood plasma and wound fluid, possibly regulating cell motility and angiogenesis by interacting with cell surface ATP synthase enzymes [26].
  • It potentially reduces inflammation by increasing microRNA-146a expression, thereby decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines IRAK1 and TRAF6 [27].
  • TB4 and, by extension, TB-500 may work on a cellular level to reduce inflammation by regulating autophagy—a process of cellular waste disposal [28].

TB-500 vs. BPC-157 | Benefits and Research Applications

In this section, we will break the latest scientific data on the benefits and research applications of TB-500 and BPC-157. Our aim is to help researchers find out whether one peptide or the other, or both, may be a better fit for their next experiment.

TB-500 vs. BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Injuries

Both TB-500 and BPC-157 have been researched for their healing potential in musculoskeletal injuries in animal models.

Several studies on BPC-157 report improved healing in various musculoskeletal injuries, including crushed muscles, detached tendons, and bone defects:

  • Studies on BPC-157 have reported improved healing in animal models of crushed muscles, thanks to the peptide’s angiogenic action [29].
  • BPC-157 was found to speed up functional recovery following Achilles tendon detachment in rat models, resulting in faster tendon-to-bone healing. Further, the peptide prevented the negative effects of methylprednisolone on healing when both agents were co-administered [30, 31].
  • One study in rabbits reported that BPC-157 may speed up recovery in delayed bone healing when administered intramuscularly or directly into the defect. The peptide's effectiveness was comparable to the application of bone graft [32].

TB-500 has been studied particularly in the context of muscle injury and recovery:

  • Scientists have reported increased expression of TB4 in murine models of skeletal muscle injury and regeneration, as the peptide promotes chemotaxis of myoblasts. The peptide is thought to attract myoblasts derived from muscle satellite cells, facilitating skeletal muscle regeneration [33].

TB-500 vs. BPC-157 for Wound Healing

TB-500 and BPC-157 have undergone extensive research for various wound healing applications, including in the healing of skin ulcers, corneal abrasions, and recovery following gastrointestinal surgery.

TB-500 (synthetic TB4) has been clinically tested for its wound healing potential, with the following two studies worth noting:

  • In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with dose escalation, patients suffering from venous stasis ulcers were administered synthetic TB4 locally over a period of 84 days. TB4 led to a notable 45% reduction in median healing in patients whose wounds fully healed, compared to placebo [34].
  • In a 56-day phase-2 trial, 9 participants with severe dry eye syndrome were treated with synthetic TB4 eye drops or placebo for 28 days, followed by a 28-day observational period. The 6 patients receiving TB4 experienced a 35.1% decrease in eye discomfort and a 59.1% reduction in total corneal fluorescein staining, relative to the control group [35].

Preclinical studies also suggest that BPC-157 may speed up the healing of skin and gastrointestinal wounds:

  • In rats with alkali burns, BPC-157 accelerated healing and wound closure compared to placebo-treated controls [36].
  • In rats with short bowel syndrome from intestinal resection, BPC-157 was given orally or by injection for one month. The peptide led to rapid weight regain, stronger intestinal tissue at the surgery site, and improved growth of intestinal muscle and the mucosa layers, enhancing intestinal function [37].

TB-500 vs. BPC-157 for Reducing Inflammation

TB-500 and BPC-157 may both work to reduce inflammation in various tissue types.

TB-500 appears to be the more extensively researched peptide regarding its anti-inflammatory benefits:

  • In a mouse liver injury model, one week of TB4 injections reduced liver injury markers and altered liver pathology. TB4 lowered oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, boosted antioxidants, suppressed inflammation by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B, and prevented liver fibrosis [38].
  • In another rodent experiment, synthetic TB4 was administered to models of autoimmune encephalomyelitis, markedly decreasing the number of inflammatory cells in the brains of the treated animals [39].

BPC-157 may also help to reduce inflammation and may provide additional pain-reducing benefits based on inflammatory pain models:

  • One murine study reported significant anti-inflammatory effects of BPC-157 on periodontal tissues in ligature-induced periodontitis [40].
  • Researchers also suggest that BPC-157 may be effective in reducing inflammatory pain, based on evaluations of its anti-noceptive potential in relation to aspirin and morphine reference standards [41].

TB-500 vs. BPC-157 | Side Effects and Complications

When comparing the safety and side effects of TB-500 vs BPC-157, it is important to note that only TB-500 has been extensively clinically studied.

Even safety data on TB-500 (synthetic TB4) is relatively scarce, with only a few studies reporting the potential side effects of its systemic application:

  • In a 2010 study in 10 participants, TB4 caused occasional mild to moderate symptoms like headache and dizziness but no serious reactions or toxicities, even at doses up to 1260mg, administered daily for up to two weeks. Vital signs, ECGs, and physical exams showed no significant changes, and no cases of cancer or serious adverse events were reported over six months of follow-up [42].
  • Another trial in 54 individuals confirmed its safety over 10 days of intravenous use at doses of up to 5.0μg/kg (and up to 25.0μg/kg in a single-dose trial). In the 28-day follow-up, there were only mild side effects that were statistically similar in the both treatment and placebo-controlled groups [43].

Safety information on BPC-157 is primarily derived from animal studies. These studies indicate that the peptide is well-tolerated and exhibits no toxicity, even at large doses [44].

However, it is important to note that results from animal experiments may not directly apply to humans. Without human trials, it is challenging to identify any short-term or long-term side effects of BPC-157.

Lastly, administering TB-500 or BPC-157 via injections could lead to localized side effects such as pain, redness, bleeding, or swelling at the injection site.

What are the Biggest Differences Between TB-500 vs. BPC-157?

BPC-157 and TB-500 are two peptides often discussed in the context of healing and tissue regeneration, but are quite different in terms of their molecular structures, mechanisms of action, potential therapeutic applications, side effects, and regulatory status.

Here's a comparative analysis between the two peptides:

Molecular Structure

  • BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide made of 15 amino acids that does not share homology with any known endogenous human peptides [2].
  • TB-500 is a synthetic version of TB4, naturally occurring in almost all human and animal cells [14].

Mechanism of Action and Receptor Binding

  • BPC-157 interacts with growth factors like VEGF and EGR-1, promoting angiogenesis. Further, it stimulates fibroblasts and increases nitric oxide production, aiding in tissue regeneration [3, 9].
  • TB-500 is primarily known for its ability to bind to actin, influencing cell motility and shape. Further, it may stimulate angiogenesis by interacting with cell surface ATP synthase enzymes [23, 26].

Potential Research Applications

  • BPC-157 may offer healing benefits in various tissues, including in muscle, tendon, and bone, in addition to gastrointestinal ailments. It may also offer neuroprotective benefits and improve mood and cognition [29, 36, 37].
  • TB-500 may influence cell migration, tissue repair, angiogenesis, and stem cell maturation. It is investigated for reducing inflammation and improving wound healing [34, 38].

Side Effects

  • BPC-157 has limited safety data due to the lack of human trials. Animal studies suggest high tolerance and no significant toxicity, even at large doses [44].
  • TB-500 has been studied in humans with reported mild side effects such as headache and dizziness. Clinical trials have not reported any serious reactions or toxicities [42].

Legal Status and Dosing

  • BPC-157 is not approved for human use. In preclinical studies, it has been used in doses that translate to about 150mcg/daily. Higher doses reaching up to 3x250mcg/daily have been reported anecdotally [45, 46].
  • TB-500 is not approved for human use. In clinical studies, it has been administered in doses between 0.5mcg/kg and roughly 16,000mcg/kg for up to 2 weeks [42, 43].

BPC-157 vs. TB-500 | Which is Better?

Deciding between BPC-157 and TB-500 rests largely on the specific research application and desired experimental outcomes.

Overall, both peptides appear to provide broad regenerative and repair potential, speeding up the healing of various tissues. Yet no studies to date have compared BPC-157 vs. TB-500.

Based on the available data, BPC-157 appears to be more thoroughly researched when it comes to its potential for the healing of muscle, tendon, and bone injuries [29, 30, 31, 32].

On the other hand, preclinical studies and clinical trials highlight the potent anti-inflammatory effects of TB-500 in various models of organ and tissue injury, including in the skin, eye cornea, liver, and central nervous system [34, 35, 38, 39].

TB-500 vs BPC-157

TB-500 and BPC-157 | Synergistic Effects

BPC-157 and TB-500 appear to have beneficial effects for the repair and recovery of a wide range of tissues.

Moreover, both peptides have shown potential benefits for angiogenesis, the recovery of muscle injuries, and wound healing. Therefore, the two peptides may potentially have synergistic effects when applied in related experiments.

For example, BPC-157 may provide improved vascularization and collagen production in sites of injury in the musculoskeletal system, while TB-500 may exert anti-inflammatory benefits, further improving the healing process.

At this time, more studies are needed to confirm the potential synergistic effects of these two peptides. Top peptide vendors typically sell both BPC-157 and TB-500 as a bundle or blend, facilitating the co-administration of the compounds in a single experiment.

Where to Order BPC-157 and TB-500 Online?

Researchers looking to investigate TB-500 and/or BPC-157 are advised to order their compounds from a legitimate source that offers research-grade, third-party verified products.

Our team of experts has evaluated numerous online vendors, identifying one source that offer high-quality BPC-157, TB-500, and blends of the two.

Limitless Life

Limitless Life is a reputable one-stop shop for research peptides, offering research-grade BPC-157 and TB-500 in various forms and concentrations at an affordable price.

Here is why we love this vendor:

  • Lab-Tested Peptides: Limitless Life sends all of its listed products to a third-party laboratory for rigorous HPLC-MS testing to ensure potency and purity.
  • Secure Payments: Whether a customer prefers to pay by credit card, CashApp, or crypto, Limitless Life can facilitate them all.
  • Unbeatable Customer Service: The speed and professionalism of Limitless Life's support desk is unparalleled. All email questions sent during business hours are answered almost immediately.
  • Fast Shipping: Offering a plethora of shipping options, including Fedex 2-day shipping in the US, Limitless Life gets researchers their peptides quickly. They also offer shipping insurance and a variety of international delivery options.
  • Flexible Return Policy: Limitless Life also offers a simple and workable return and/or reship policy. This combined with their excellent service and support desk offers researchers great peace of mind when ordering.
  • Responsible Distribution with Research-Use Only Peptides: Limitless Life products are  strictly for research purposes only. This approach is taken due to a firm commitment to responsible distribution of peptides. This allows Limitless Life to ensure their products are used appropriately within the research community.

Overall, Peptides.org believes this is the premier research peptides vendor source online. Researchers can buy with confidence from Limitless Life.

Buy BPC-157 + TB-500 from our top-rated vendor...

Buy Now
peptides-logo

BPC-157 + TB-500 | Nasal Sprays and Capsules

While researchers have historically stuck with aliquot BPC-157 and TB-500, generally in lyophilized powder form, the research world has been evolving as of late.

As such, researchers now have more options when studying BPC-157 and TB-500.

Conveniently, these new research options now come in convenient nasal spray and capsule formulations. The benefits of these various delivery methods can offer convenience and much more, but bioavailability must be taken into account by researchers.

Learn more about these unique sprays and capsules below:

BPC-157 and TB-500 | Overall

BPC-157 and TB-500 are two unique research peptides with significant potential in various applications. The research to date reveals that both can provide significant benefits for recovery from musculoskeletal injuries, skin wounds, inflammation, and more.

Researchers may consider investigating either separately or combining both to study how they interact in settings like injury recovery.

Visit our top recommended peptide source for high-quality BPC-157 and TB-500 for research or experimental use.

References

  1. Sikirić, P., Petek, M., Rucman, R., Seiwerth, S., Grabarević, Z., Rotkvić, I., Turković, B., Jagić, V., Mildner, B., & Duvnjak, M. (1993). A new gastric juice peptide, BPC. An overview of the stomach-stress-organoprotection hypothesis and beneficial effects of BPC. Journal of physiology, Paris, 87(5), 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/0928-4257(93)90038-u
  2. Jelovac, N., Sikirić, P., Rucman, R., Petek, M., Perović, D., Konjevoda, P., Marović, A., Seiwerth, S., Grabarević, Z., Sumajstorcić, J., Dodig, G., & Perić, J. (1998). A novel pentadecapeptide, BPC 157, blocks the stereotypy produced acutely by amphetamine and the development of haloperidol-induced supersensitivity to amphetamine. Biological psychiatry, 43(7), 511–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00277-1
  3. Tkalcević, V. I., Cuzić, S., Brajsa, K., Mildner, B., Bokulić, A., Situm, K., Perović, D., Glojnarić, I., & Parnham, M. J. (2007). Enhancement by PL 14736 of granulation and collagen organization in healing wounds and the potential role of egr-1 expression. European journal of pharmacology, 570(1-3), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.05.072
  4. Cox, H. D., Miller, G. D., & Eichner, D. (2017). Detection and in vitro metabolism of the confiscated peptides BPC 157 and MGF R23H. Drug testing and analysis, 9(10), 1490–1498. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2152
  5. Sikiric, P., Petek, M., Seiwerth, S., Turkovic, B., Grabarevic, Z., Rotkvic, I., … & Udovicic, I. (2001). US Patent No. 6,288,028. Washington, DC: US Patent and Trademark Office.
  6. Veljaca, M. (2003). Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of PL 14736, a novel agent for treatment of ulcerative colitis, in healthy male volunteers. Gut, 51, A309.
  7. WADA. (2022). World Anti‐Doping Code International Standard Prohibited List.
  8. Hsieh, M. J., Liu, H. T., Wang, C. N., Huang, H. Y., Lin, Y., Ko, Y. S., Wang, J. S., Chang, V. H., & Pang, J. S. (2017). Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany), 95(3), 323–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-016-1488-y
  9. Sikiric, P., Seiwerth, S., Rucman, R., Turkovic, B., Rokotov, D. S., Brcic, L., Sever, M., Klicek, R., Radic, B., Drmic, D., Ilic, S., Kolenc, D., Aralica, G., Stupnisek, M., Suran, J., Barisic, I., Dzidic, S., Vrcic, H., & Sebecic, B. (2014). Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157-NO-system relation. Current pharmaceutical design, 20(7), 1126–1135. https://doi.org/10.2174/13816128113190990411
  10. Chang, C. H., Tsai, W. C., Hsu, Y. H., & Pang, J. H. (2014). Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 19(11), 19066–19077. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191119066
  11. Chang, C. H., Tsai, W. C., Lin, M. S., Hsu, Y. H., & Pang, J. H. (2011). The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 110(3), 774–780. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010
  12. Sikirić, P., Mazul, B., Seiwerth, S., Grabarević, Z., Rucman, R., Petek, M., Jagić, V., Turković, B., Rotkvić, I., Mise, S., Zoricić, I., Jurina, L., Konjevoda, P., Hanzevacki, M., Gjurasin, M., Separović, J., Ljubanović, D., Artuković, B., Bratulić, M., Tisljar, M., … Sumajstorcić, J. (1997). Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 interactions with adrenergic and dopaminergic systems in mucosal protection in stress. Digestive diseases and sciences, 42(3), 661–671. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1018880000644
  13. Tohyama, Y., Sikirić, P., & Diksic, M. (2004). Effects of pentadecapeptide BPC157 on regional serotonin synthesis in the rat brain: alpha-methyl-L-tryptophan autoradiographic measurements. Life sciences, 76(3), 345–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.08.010
  14. Goldstein, A. L., Hannappel, E., Sosne, G., & Kleinman, H. K. (2012). Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert opinion on biological therapy, 12(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2012.634793
  15. Low, T. L., Hu, S. K., & Goldstein, A. L. (1981). Complete amino acid sequence of bovine thymosin beta 4: a thymic hormone that induces terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in thymocyte populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 78(2), 1162–1166. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.2.1162
  16. Ho, E. N., Kwok, W. H., Lau, M. Y., Wong, A. S., Wan, T. S., Lam, K. K., Schiff, P. J., & Stewart, B. D. (2012). Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β₄, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of chromatography. A, 1265, 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.043
  17. Kwok, W. H., Ho, E. N., Lau, M. Y., Leung, G. N., Wong, A. S., & Wan, T. S. (2013). Doping control analysis of seven bioactive peptides in horse plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 405(8), 2595–2606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-6697-9
  18. Crockford, D., Turjman, N., Allan, C., & Angel, J. (2010). Thymosin beta4: structure, function, and biological properties supporting current and future clinical applications. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1194, 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05492.x
  19. Kassem, K. M., Vaid, S., Peng, H., Sarkar, S., & Rhaleb, N. E. (2019). TB4-Ac-SDKP pathway: Any relevance for the cardiovascular system?. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 97(7), 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2018-0570
  20. Nitta, K., Shi, S., Nagai, T., Kanasaki, M., Kitada, M., Srivastava, S. P., Haneda, M., Kanasaki, K., & Koya, D. (2016). Oral Administration of N-Acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline Ameliorates Kidney Disease in Both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Mice via a Therapeutic Regimen. BioMed research international, 2016, 9172157. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9172157
  21. Bogden, A. E., Moreau, J. P., Gamba-Vitalo, C., Deschamps de Paillette, E., Tubiana, M., Frindel, E., & Carde, P. (1998). Goralatide (AcSDKP), a negative growth regulator, protects the stem cell compartment during chemotherapy, enhancing the myelopoietic response to GM-CSF. International journal of cancer, 76(1), 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980330)76:1<38::aid-ijc8>3.0.co;2-z
  22. Ezan, E., Carde, P., Le Kerneau, J., Ardouin, T., Thomas, F., Isnard, F., Deschamps de Paillette, E., & Grognet, J. M. (1994). Pharmcokinetics in healthy volunteers and patients of NAc-SDKP (seraspenide), a negative regulator of hematopoiesis. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 22(6), 843–848.
  23. Sanders, M. C., Goldstein, A. L., & Wang, Y. L. (1992). Thymosin beta 4 (Fx peptide) is a potent regulator of actin polymerization in living cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89(10), 4678–4682. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.10.4678
  24. Irobi, E., Aguda, A. H., Larsson, M., Guerin, C., Yin, H. L., Burtnick, L. D., Blanchoin, L., & Robinson, R. C. (2004). Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. The EMBO journal, 23(18), 3599–3608. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7600372
  25. Yadav, T., Gau, D., & Roy, P. (2022). Mitochondria-actin cytoskeleton crosstalk in cell migration. Journal of cellular physiology, 237(5), 2387–2403. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.30729
  26. Freeman, K. W., Bowman, B. R., & Zetter, B. R. (2011). Regenerative protein thymosin beta-4 is a novel regulator of purinergic signaling. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 25(3), 907–915. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.10-169417
  27. Santra, M., Zhang, Z. G., Yang, J., Santra, S., Santra, S., Chopp, M., & Morris, D. C. (2014). Thymosin β4 up-regulation of microRNA-146a promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and suppression of the Toll-like pro-inflammatory pathway. The Journal of biological chemistry, 289(28), 19508–19518. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.529966
  28. Renga, G., Oikonomou, V., Stincardini, C., Pariano, M., Borghi, M., Costantini, C., Bartoli, A., Garaci, E., Goldstein, A. L., & Romani, L. (2018). Thymosin β4 limits inflammation through autophagy. Expert opinion on biological therapy, 18(sup1), 171–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2018.1473854
  29. Brcic, L., Brcic, I., Staresinic, M., Novinscak, T., Sikiric, P., & Seiwerth, S. (2009). Modulatory effect of gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on angiogenesis in muscle and tendon healing. Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society, 60 Suppl 7, 191–196.
  30. Krivic, A., Anic, T., Seiwerth, S., Huljev, D., & Sikiric, P. (2006). Achilles detachment in rat and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Promoted tendon-to-bone healing and opposed corticosteroid aggravation. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 24(5), 982–989. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.20096
  31. Krivic, A., Majerovic, M., Jelic, I., Seiwerth, S., & Sikiric, P. (2008). Modulation of early functional recovery of Achilles tendon to bone unit after transection by BPC 157 and methylprednisolone. Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society … [et al.], 57(5), 205–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-007-7056-8
  32. Sebecić, B., Nikolić, V., Sikirić, P., Seiwerth, S., Sosa, T., Patrlj, L., Grabarević, Z., Rucman, R., Petek, M., Konjevoda, P., Jadrijević, S., Perović, D., & Slaj, M. (1999). Osteogenic effect of a gastric pentadecapeptide, BPC-157, on the healing of segmental bone defect in rabbits: a comparison with bone marrow and autologous cortical bone implantation. Bone, 24(3), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/s8756-3282(98)00180-x
  33. Tokura, Y., Nakayama, Y., Fukada, S., Nara, N., Yamamoto, H., Matsuda, R., & Hara, T. (2011). Muscle injury-induced thymosin β4 acts as a chemoattractant for myoblasts. Journal of biochemistry, 149(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/jb/mvq115
  34. Guarnera, G., DeRosa, A., Camerini, R., & 8 European sites (2010). The effect of thymosin treatment of venous ulcers. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1194, 207–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05490.x
  35. Sosne, G., Dunn, S. P., & Kim, C. (2015). Thymosin β4 significantly improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial. Cornea, 34(5), 491–496. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000000379
  36. Huang, T., Zhang, K., Sun, L., Xue, X., Zhang, C., Shu, Z., Mu, N., Gu, J., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, W. (2015). Body protective compound-157 enhances alkali-burn wound healing in vivo and promotes proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in vitro. Drug design, development and therapy, 9, 2485–2499. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S82030
  37. Sever, M., Klicek, R., Radic, B., Brcic, L., Zoricic, I., Drmic, D., Ivica, M., Barisic, I., Ilic, S., Berkopic, L., Blagaic, A. B., Coric, M., Kolenc, D., Vrcic, H., Anic, T., Seiwerth, S., & Sikiric, P. (2009). Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and short bowel syndrome in rats. Digestive diseases and sciences, 54(10), 2070–2083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-008-0598-y
  38. Shah, R., Reyes-Gordillo, K., Cheng, Y., Varatharajalu, R., Ibrahim, J., & Lakshman, M. R. (2018). Thymosin β4 Prevents Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fibrosis in Ethanol- and LPS-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2018, 9630175. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9630175
  39. Xing, Y., Ye, Y., Zuo, H., & Li, Y. (2021). Progress on the Function and Application of Thymosin β4. Frontiers in endocrinology, 12, 767785. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.767785
  40. Keremi, B., Lohinai, Z., Komora, P., Duhaj, S., Borsi, K., Jobbagy-Ovari, G., Kallo, K., Szekely, A. D., Fazekas, A., Dobo-Nagy, C., Sikiric, P., & Varga, G. (2009). Anti-inflammatory effect of BPC 157 on experimental periodontitis in rats. Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society, 60 Suppl 7, 115–122.
  41. Sikirić, P., Gyires, K., Seiwerth, S., GrabarevlĆ, Z., Ručman, R., Petek, M., … & Bura, M. (1993). The effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on inflammatory, non-inflammatory, direct and indirect pain and capsaicin neurotoxicity. Inflammopharmacology, 2, 121-127.
  42. Ruff, D., Crockford, D., Girardi, G., & Zhang, Y. (2010). A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1194, 223–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05474.x
  43. Wang, X., Liu, L., Qi, L., Lei, C., Li, P., Wang, Y., Liu, C., Bai, H., Han, C., Sun, Y., & Liu, J. (2021). A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 25(17), 8222–8228. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.16693
  44. Seiwerth, S., Milavic, M., Vukojevic, J., Gojkovic, S., Krezic, I., Vuletic, L. B., Pavlov, K. H., Petrovic, A., Sikiric, S., Vranes, H., Prtoric, A., Zizek, H., Durasin, T., Dobric, I., Staresinic, M., Strbe, S., Knezevic, M., Sola, M., Kokot, A., Sever, M., … Sikiric, P. (2021). Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. Frontiers in pharmacology, 12, 627533. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.627533
  45. Klicek, R., Kolenc, D., Suran, J., Drmic, D., Brcic, L., Aralica, G., Sever, M., Holjevac, J., Radic, B., Turudic, T., Kokot, A., Patrlj, L., Rucman, R., Seiwerth, S., & Sikiric, P. (2013). Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 heals cysteamine-colitis and colon-colon-anastomosis and counteracts cuprizone brain injuries and motor disability. Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society, 64(5), 597–612.
  46. Nair, A. B., & Jacob, S. (2016). A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human. Journal of basic and clinical pharmacy, 7(2), 27–31. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-0105.177703

Scientifically Fact Checked by:

Dr. Mohammed Fouda, M.D

Table of Contents
    Add a header to begin generating the table of contents